Sir James Mansfield (originally Manfield), SL, KC (1733 – 23 November 1821) was a British lawyer, judge and politician. He was twice Solicitor General and served as Chief Justice of the Common Pleas from 1799 to 1814.
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The son of a Hampshire attorney, little is known about Mansfield's private life. While he is not believed to have married, he fathered at least five children, including John Mansfield of Diggeswell, father of General William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst. Mansfield attended Eton from 1745 until 1750, and then King's College, Cambridge, of which he was elected a fellow in 1754.[1] During this period he changed his surname from Manfield to Mansfield. He graduated with a BA in 1755 and a MA in 1758.
Mansfield pursued a career in law, obtaining admission to the Middle Temple on 11 February 1755 and being called to the bar on 28 November 1758. His career, both at common law and in chancery, was quite successful, and he was appointed one of the counsel for John Wilkes in 1768. Mansfield was made king's counsel on 24 July 1772, and a bencher of the Middle Temple shortly after, on 6 November 1772. He was involved in the trials, in 1776, of the Duchess of Kingston for bigamy, and of Smith, Hollis, Calthorpe, and Beckford (candidates for Hindon) for bribery. In 1777, he was defense counsel for John the Painter, and crown prosecutor in 1779 against the counsellors who arrested Lord Pigot and took over Fort St George.
His ability was admired by the North Ministry, and he was offered a seat at Morpeth in 1776 by the Earl of Carlisle, but declined lest it interfere with his prospects for a judgeship. He was considered, but ultimately passed over, by North to fill the post of Attorney General or Solicitor General, but was passed over for the time being.
Mansfield finally did enter the House of Commons in 1779 as member for Cambridge University, replacing the newly acceded Duke of Rutland. While he was supported by the Duke of Grafton against the government candidate, Lord John Townshend, he subsequently voted with the administration. He was appointed Solicitor General on 1 September 1780, and was part of the prosecution of Lord George Gordon in 1781.
He went into opposition in April 1782 with the fall of North, and briefly regained the Solicitor-Generalship in 1783 under the Fox-North Coalition. That ministry fell in December, and he was defeated in the general election of 1784.
While in Parliament, in 1782, Mansfield had been elected reader of the Middle Temple, and was treasurer in 1785. He was counsel in a number of high-profile cases, including the Thellusson Will Case, in which he and Samuel Romilly represented the plaintiffs. He was appointed Chief Justice of Chester in July 1799, and Chief Justice of the Common Pleas on 24 April 1804, also becoming a serjeant-at-law and receiving a knighthood.
As a judge, he was principally known for his easily provoked temper, but his knowledge of the law was thought considerable. He refused an offer of the Lord Chancellorship in 1806. As chief justice, he presided over the trial of John Bellingham, assassin of Spencer Perceval, in 1812. Mansfield resigned on 21 February 1814, due to ill health and died at his house in London on 23 May 1821.
| Parliament of Great Britain | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Richard Croftes Marquess of Granby |
Member of Parliament for Cambridge University with Richard Croftes 1779–1780 Lord John Townshend 1780–1784 1779–1784 |
Succeeded by William Pitt Earl of Euston |
| Legal offices | ||
| Preceded by James Wallace |
Solicitor General for England and Wales 1780–1782 |
Succeeded by John Lee |
| Preceded by John Lee |
Solicitor General for England and Wales 1783 |
Succeeded by Richard Pepper Arden |
| Preceded by William Grant |
Chief Justice of Chester 1799–1804 |
Succeeded by Vicary Gibbs |
| Preceded by The Lord Alvanley |
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1804–1814 |
Succeeded by Sir Vicary Gibbs |